You are looking at the HTML representation of the XML format.
HTML is good for debugging, but is unsuitable for application use.
Specify the format parameter to change the output format.
To see the non HTML representation of the XML format, set format=xml.
See the complete documentation, or API help for more information. 
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<api>
  <query>
    <pages>
      <page pageid="35" ns="6" title="Soubor:U33 chromecast navod 01.jpg" imagerepository="local">
        <imageinfo>
          <ii timestamp="2022-01-11T14:14:48Z" user="Editor" />
        </imageinfo>
      </page>
      <page pageid="36" ns="6" title="Soubor:U33 chromecast navod 02.jpg" imagerepository="local">
        <imageinfo>
          <ii timestamp="2022-01-11T14:33:19Z" user="Editor" />
        </imageinfo>
      </page>
      <page pageid="37" ns="6" title="Soubor:U33 chromecast navod 03.jpg" imagerepository="local">
        <imageinfo>
          <ii timestamp="2022-01-11T14:33:31Z" user="Editor" />
        </imageinfo>
      </page>
      <page pageid="38" ns="6" title="Soubor:U33 chromecast navod 04.jpg" imagerepository="local">
        <imageinfo>
          <ii timestamp="2022-01-11T14:33:42Z" user="Editor" />
        </imageinfo>
      </page>
    </pages>
  </query>
</api>